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''Di diritto pontificio'' is the Italian term for “of pontificial right”. It is given to the ecclesiastical institutions (the religious and secular institutes, societies of apostolic life) either created by the Holy See or approved by it with the formal decree, known by its Latin name, ''Decretum laudis'' (of praise” ).〔Code of Canon Law (C.I.C.), (can. 589 ).〕 The institutions of pontifical right depend immediately and exclusively on the Vatican in the matters of internal governance and discipline.〔Code of Canon Law (C.I.C.), (can. 593 ).〕 ==History== Until the 19th Century the religious communities were divided into two groups: regular orders with solemn vows and congregations of simple vows. Only those taking the solemn vows were valued by the Church and the civil authorities.〔''Direttorio canonico'', p. 53.〕 In 1215, in the Fourth Lateran Council, Pope Innocent III decreed that no regular orders could be founded without papal approval. The bishops, however, retained the right to form communities whose members lived the religious life without taking formal vows. These groups later took the name of “congregations of simple vows”.〔 The congregations of simple vows, especially women’s, were increasing dramatically during the 17th and 18th Centuries, and in the early 19th Century, many of them were seeking papal recognition from Rome. in 1816 the Holy See began to approve the congregations with simple vows but they were still not recognized as religious institutions.〔''Direttorio canonico'', p. 54.〕 In 1854 Giuseppe Andrea Bizzarri, the Secretary of the Sacred Congregation for Consultations about Regulars, created on the behalf of Pope Pius IX a procedure for the approval of congregations of simple vows, which was communicated to the bishops in 1861.〔 With this new procedure, the distinction was formally made for the creation of an institute, operated by a bishop, and its approval by the Holy See. After its foundation, the institute (i.e., congregation) would have the status "of diocesan right". Under it, it would remain under the protection of the bishops of its diocese, where it was founded, increasing its importance. If the Holy See grants the institute the ''decretum laudis'' (of approval ), the institute would be placed under its direct protection, and the institute would then acquire the status "of pontifical right".〔 The distinction between the legal status of an institute of diocesan right and an institute of pontifical right was permanently drawn on 8 December 1900 by ''Conditae a Christo Ecclesiae'' (“Founded by the Church of Christ” ), the apostolic constitution of Pope Leo XIII.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pontifical right」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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